Basic & advanced representation theorists

 Lisbet Van Zoonen
- women's bodies are used as a spectacle for an assumed heterosexual male audience
- the typical representation of women therefore reinforces patriarchal hegemony
- even in products targeting women, women are still presented as spectacle, and presented as aspirational role models


Stuart Hall
- representation is presented through media language and reflects the ideology of the producer.
- stereotyping reduces to few characteristics, but is helpful to allow producers to easily construct audiences and audiences to decode them
- stereotyping tends to occur when there are inequalities of power ('other') (ethnocentrism)

- all representations are constructed through media language to enforce the produces ideology
- stereotypes are an excellent way of identifying and categorising groups to make sense of the world.


David Guantlet

- audiences can pick and mix elements from media products to construct their own identities
- identities are constructed through a number of different factors, including values, past, personality, political views, ethnicity, language, the food we eat, sexuality, clothes.....
- audiences are not passive - taking different elements of identity from different media products 


(John Berger - "men act, women appear")


---

bells hooks - 
- 'feminism is for everybody' 
- race, class, gender, sexuality, ethnicity, and a whole range of other factors are tied together - intersectionality 
- the representation of women can also affect the representation of men, and the way in which they are treated in society. for example hooks argued that many huge responsibilities are placed on men by the stereotypical representation of women, words such as 'pussy' and 'sissy' against men who show emotion may stop them from doing so. 
- representation in media products are therefore all linked and extremely complicated. 

to kiss of the vampire - the representations of women (specifically the victim woman) being soft, not heavily dressed, enforces a masculine role on the men
- although, the scared vampire may lead way for the antagonist vampire women being strong 
- reinforces assumptions about men being dominant, and women being sexualised, which in turn reinforces patriarchal hegemony 



Paul Gilroy -
- post colonial attitudes 
-post colonialism - study of how being under rule has affected former colonies, and the ideas and attitudes still shape contemporary attitudes to race and ethnicity in the postcolonial era. 
- post collonial attitudes still exists
- there are still racial hieracrchies in our society, where some races are considered superior to others
- binary oppositoons are used to 'other' ethnic minorities - where a group is represented as being different from 'us' - and a group is being represented as abnormal 

kiss of the vampire - excluding nonwhite actors, othering and saying that the white actors hold a higher part in racial hierarchy 

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